Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by a group of symptoms resulting from damage to the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys. This condition leads to excessive protein loss in the urine, low levels of protein in the blood, and swelling throughout the body. The hallmark features of nephrotic syndrome include significant proteinuria (high levels of protein in the urine), hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), and edema (swelling), particularly in the legs, ankles, and around the eyes. The causes of nephrotic syndrome can be varied and include primary kidney diseases such as minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Secondary causes may involve systemic conditions like diabetes mellitus, which can lead to diabetic nephropathy, or autoimmune diseases such as lupus nephritis. Infections, certain medications, and genetic factors can also contribute to the development of nephrotic syndrome. Complications associated with nephrotic syndrome can be significant and include an increased risk of infections due to the loss of immunoglobulins in the urine, as well as blood clots due to changes in blood clotting factors. The condition can also lead to cardiovascular problems, such as high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol levels. Prolonged nephrotic syndrome may result in chronic kidney disease and potential progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. Management typically involves addressing the underlying cause, using medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants to reduce inflammation, and managing symptoms with diuretics, blood pressure medications, and dietary modifications to control proteinuria and edema. Regular follow-up with healthcare providers is essential to monitor kidney function and adjust treatment as needed.
